For my dissertation I want to discover the supernatural powers are gemstones and crystals believed to hold and what effects they have. How these gems have been used in alternative therapy and as protective amulets and charms. Discovering how their meanings changed from ancient times to the modern day. Having briefly done some research for a previous project, I am now aware of the basics of crystal healing. Crystals are made up of geometric structures or lattices and at the centre of the crystal is the atom. The atom has particles within it which rotate consistently causing vibrations. This is what is thought to give a crystal its energy. There are thousands of different gemstones and I am familiar with a number of various types, the properties it is suggested they possess and how they may assist in helping an individual within alternative therapies. I am also aware of the chakras and the importance of balance within them to aid energy flow and create a healthier mind and spiritual well being. However, as my research has progressed I have become increasingly interested in the ancient myths and legends of gemstone jewellery, how these stones were believed to hold powers and how they may have been used for protective, health, love and luck purposes. I want to look further into the magic of charm jewellery and how it has evolved through time. Many ancient symbols are still used today to show religious or spiritual beliefs for example, one which we come across everyday is the cross of Christ. The scarab and four leaf clover being other widely recognised ones. Lucky charms can be symbols as well as gemstones and “by combining a lucky symbol and a gemstone a doubly effective charm can be made.” (Alun-Jones and Ayton year?) I aim to discover which stones were used as popular amulets back in ancient times and whether they are still believed to hold these same magical powers today. Are they still used for the same purposes as they were back then? Or have their meanings changed? One book of particular interest to me was ‘Bodyguards: protective amulets and charms’ written by Desmond Morris. He has collected many amulets and charms whilst travelling the world learning about different cultures and their beliefs. His book details what each particular charm was used for and the powers it was believed to hold, backing up his points with anecdotes and legendary stories. Morris (1999) states that; “Almost all forms of jewellery began as protective body guards but as the jewellers skills grew and techniques improved, creations became more like works of art. These were enjoyed not because of their magical powers but because they looked so exquisite. Aesthetics outed superstition as the main force behind body adornment” This shows the early stages of jewellery evolving to be more of an ornamentation and decoration of the body rather then simply being carried or worn as an amulet for protective purposes. Many stones in ancient times were believed to offer protection from the ‘Evil Eye’. Back then, numerous people believed in witchcraft and did everything they possibly could to protect themselves from misfortune believed to be caused by an evil look. Of course as science has evolved it has shown that there is no evidence to prove that these crystals contain healing powers. “The suggestion is that the power of crystals is all in the mind rather then in the crystals themselves.” (Woodcock and Hill 2001) The theory is that if people really want crystal therapy to work and believe these stones genuinely posses such powers then psychologically it often will. I find the ancient folklore of what these stones had the power to do fascinating. Tigers Eye was thought to be a contraceptive stone where if a wife was unfaithful to her husband she would be unable to concieive a baby with her lover. That a little stone can prevent conception is something I struggle to believe. Equally Jasper is said to “slow down the ageing process” (Morris 1999) and Rubies have been said to protect from floods and storms. Is there any truth in the fairy tales about these minerals? Or are they just pretty to look at? Being sceptical myself about the alleged powers these gemstones are believed to hold, I am also attracted to the myths and legends behind them. I have looked into a few scientific experiments and explanations rubbishing crystal healing. Beyerstein (1997) argues that these alternative therapies are a load of nonsense. He states that there is no scientific proof that these alternative therapies actually work and describes crystal healing as a ‘patently absurd practise’. He reinforces his argument with a variety of secondary resources from other scientists and professionals. More recently psychological illusionist Derren Brown (2005) visited Lorraine Deflelice a new age publisher with the intention of convincing her he could see her dreams based on a ‘dream catcher’ which was nothing more then a box with a small light inside it. However he told her that inside the box was a special crystalline technology with the power to store her dreams and transfer them onto him. Using his skills as an illusionist he managed to convince her that he could infact see her dreams and she believed it was all down to the ‘crystal’ inside. I aim to look into both sides of the argument and to further discover the ancient history of jewellery as bodyguards and good luck charms and the significance of these talisman’s in contemporary jewellery today. Aims: Within my research I aim to further discover how gemstone jewellery has impacted on people spiritually, emotionally and physically from ancient cultures to modern day practises. I want to look into the history of jewellery as charms or sacred amulets from thousands of years ago to how we perceive jewellery such as charm bracelets today. I aim to discover the connections between crystals and mental and physical well being. All the while taking perspectives from those who have had first hand experience (good and bad) as well as scientific explanations into consideration. Why do people wear the jewellery that they wear? Why do people choose to wear a certain stone? It is for its properties and associations with that particular gem? Or simply because they like the way it looks? These are all questions I want to address within my research. Objectives: I hope to produce a body of research material from a variety of secondary sources from the history of gemstone jewellery to modern day contemporary jewellery. I aim to discover peoples personal experiences with lucky charms or amulets. With this I aim to reinforce evidence of my own experiments. These may include how crystals could better improve (or not) the mental and physical state of myself and others around me. Being sceptical myself about the supposed ‘magical powers’ of crystals I am interested to see how they may benefit or make no difference to my life. I would also be interested in doing lots of primary research to discover what other peoples opinions and experiences with crystal therapy are. I aim to take a crystal healing course with Ethereal Light an alternative therapy business in Dundee in order to gain a better insight into how it works. I would like to discover how many people claim not to be superstitious but still have a lucky charm or symbol they wear or keep close to them.Alun-Jones, D. Ayton, J. (n.d) Charming. Thames & Hudson. SingaporeBook based on charm jewellery, where different charms originate from and what they stand for today. Bibliography: Andrews, C. (1990) Ancient Egyptian Jewellery. British Museum Publications Ltd.Book detailing jewellery from ancient Egyptian times, sacred amulets and lucky charms and their uses. Beyerstein, B. (1997) Alternative Medicine: wheres the evidence? Canadian public health associationArticle giving the scientific side of the argument - alternative therapies do not work. Author backs up points with sources from other scientists and professionals. Derren Brown Messiah (2005) Objective Productions. U.K. online video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLbesxxKzcM&oref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fsearch%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3Dderren%2Bbrown%2Bmessiah%26aq%3D0%26aqi%3Dg10%26aql%3D%26oq%3Dderren%2Bbrown%2Bmess&has_verified=1Part of video showing Brown managing to convince Deflelice that he can read her dreams through a crystal. Dyett, L. Green, A. (1998) Secrets of Aromatic Jewellery. Flammarion. ItalyCollection of scented jewellery, scents used for different purposes (healing, aromatherapy etc) Elspeth, M. (1997) Crystal Medicine. Llewellyn PublicationsExplores supernatural and therapeutic properties of stones, vibrations, zodiac signs and healing methods. Ethereal Light (online website) http://ethereallight.co.uk/Website about business in Dundee specialising in new age products, also provides alternative therapy courses. Evans, J. (1970) A history of jewellery 110-1870. Faber and Faber, London Shows history and different styles of jewellery over 700 years. Pictures all black and white. Gienger, M. (1998) Crystal power, crystal healing: the complete handbook. CassellGuide to crystal healing, useful for beginner and intermediate levels. Giles, C.H. Williams, B.A. (1976) Bewitching Jewellery: New models in occult charms. A.S Barnes and Co, Inc. U.S.AJewellery and charms used for magic, powers of gemstones, symbols and charms in jewellery. Gonzalez-Wippler, M. (1990) The complete book of amulets and talismans. Llewellyn Publications,U.S.Book detailing amulets and talismans from many diverse cultures. Not just gemstones but lucky symbols aswell. Tells us why they were made and how to make them ourselves. Hall, J. (2003) The Crystal Bible. GodsfieldDetails thousands of different types of precious and semi precious stones, their properties, appearance and uses. Harding, Dr R.R. Symes, Dr R.F. (1991) Crystal & Gem. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. LondonDefines crystals, examples of crystals and uses. More for the younger reader but gives a good general introduction to crystals and gemstones, small section on ‘lore and legends’. Hill, J. Woodcock, J. (2001) Crystal Healing all in the mind. The Scotsman.Article arguing psychology behind crystal healing, people want to believe and so make themselves better , by having a better mindset - not by the power of the crystal Holbeche, S. (1998) The power of gems and crystals: How they can transform your life. Piatkus booksExplains why various stones are worn for different purposes, how to choose the stone best for you and how to use these stones in crystal healing. King, F.X. (1991) The Ecyclopedia of Mind, Magic and Mysteries. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. London Includes small section of gemstones and powers they hold. Also useful in learning about myths and legends - not always associated with jewellery. Kunz, G.F. (1968) Gems and precious stones of north america. Dover publications inc. U.S.ADetails how stones are formed, differences in each type, scientific structures. Kunz, G.F. (1971) The curious lore of precious stones being a description of their sentiments and folk lore, superstitions, symbolism, mysticism, use in medicine, protection, prevention, religion and divination, crystal gazing, birthstones, lucky stones and talismans, astral, zodiacal and planetary. Dover Publications ConstableInformation about supersitions and myths behind different stones and their use in medicine (alternative therapies) Megemont, F. (2007) The metaphysical book of gems and crystals. Healing ArtsTalks about the effects of gemstones for spiritual, psychological and physical healing. Also shows how to use stones for alternative healing (colour therapy.) Morris, D (1999) Bodyguards: Protective amulets & charms. Element books ltd. DorsetMyths behind different charms and meanings in other cultures,. The powers associated with crystals, also looks into the impact on society today. Paine, S. (2004) Amulets - A world of secret powers, charms and magic. Thames & HudsonSource of history, cultural background and stories of amulets. Author an expert on tribal history and textiles. Read, P.G. (2008) Gemmology: Third Edition. Robert HaleBook about how gemstones are formed, their scientific properties and structures. Scarisbrick, D. (2003) Finger Rings: From ancient to modern. Ashmolean museum. OxfordBook of rings ranging from ancient Egyptian times to Victorian styles. Religious symbols, toadstone and magical powers of gemstones detailed. Tait, H. (1986) 7000 years of jewellery. British museum publications Ltd.Illustrated book detailing different jewellery techniques, materials and styles throughout history.

Enterprise Project

Over the last few weeks we have been working on an enterprise project and looking into designing a product or service aimed at post consumers. My group have been meeting up once or twice every week doing research for our buisness and coming up with a buisness plan.

We began our research by looking at post consumers, who they are and what they like. We came to the conclusion that post consumers are generally well educated people interested in sustainability and environmental issues. They are very concious of the environment and the effects that disposable products, carbon emissions etc may have on our world. Nicky and I went out on the streets in search of a post consumer to gain a better insight into their lives and this is what we found.

Big Al and his bicycle

Big Al was 34, married and had a well established career. He liked to cycle everywhere as he was very concious of the effects that carbon emissions from cars had on the atmosphere. He rarely bought anything new and only every bought something if it was necessary. He told us he liked to shop in charity shops and would often get old things repaired instead of buying new ones. He was exactly the kind of person we wanted our buisness to appeal to.

We began brainstorming ideas for a buisness and came up with several from vegetable allotments to organic fairtrade restaurants to phone apps. We eventually decided on a sharing scheme as so many people had garages, sheds and attics overflowing with things they hardly ever used. Our idea was to share space, to have somewhere that people could store their rarely used or seasonal items but also share them with others in the community. And so The CommuniTay Attic was born!

Brainstorming buisness ideas

Photos that inspired our buisness proposal.

We then went on to do research into other existing companies such as CouchSurfing, SplitStuff and EcoBees. We also needed a location for our company and looked into various warehouses in and around Dundee. We decided it was also be a good idea to have a van with which we would offer a delivery and collection service. As part of our company we also decided on a website on which our customers would have the oppertunity to book out items for however long they needed them. Each person would have a login name and password and must be a member in order to reserve items. A yearly membership fee of £10 per year per person would be charged and that means they had unlimited access to anything in our attic for the year. However we were open to non members aswell and a fee of £5 per item would be charged each time they wanted to book an item out. Each member must sign a contract detailling their responsibilites of the items in their care and stating that they were liable to pay any fees in the event of damage. However, if the product was damaged through general wear and tear then obviously we as a company would foot the bill.

We got in contact with a few companies including B&Q in the hope that they would support our buisness venture. We were looking for them to donate or give us a discounted rate on any items to help get our buisness started as well as the products we would recieve from our customers. The Right Signs helped draw up the artwork of our van and agreed to donate the signs free of charge in exchange for the advertising benefit they would recieve. Spokes a local bicycle company also said they would assist with repairs.

As with being an eco friendly company we needed eco friendly products... we looked into a variety of these from smart log splitters to solar powered BBQs and lawn mowers. These were some of the items we hoped B&Q would donate us.

Overall I really enjoyed the project and it has given me a better insight into what is involved in setting up and running a successful business. Everyone in the group contributed fairly and I think we worked really well as a team.

Learning Styles

After taking the online questionaire I discovered that I was a very strong activist, a moderate reflector and that I have practically no theorist or pragmatist qualities. I thought this observation was generally quite accurate and the discription of the activist fitted in with certain aspects of my personality. I feel I learn much better when participating in tasks and being active rather then reading or listening. I prefer to take a hands on approach to my work and like to experiment with materials and ideas instead of following a carefully thought out plan. I often feel I produce my best work when I don't have a clear idea in my head of what I'm actually making, I like to see where experimentation leads me and change my designs to suit as I work. However I feel activist may be inaccurate in the sense that I don't tend to take charge within a group, I prefer to sit back and listen to others before voicing my opinion.

The majority of my group correctly guessed I was an activist and my predictions for them were mostly right too. I thought Laura was an activist with a few qualities of the theorist, she tested strong for both. It was interesting to hear what she thought, as she saw herself as more of a reflector.
I predicted Nicky too was an activist which she tested very strong for. She got moderate for pragmatist which was the strongest result for pragmatist within our group. Nicky thought she would have been a reflector but her result came back very low.
I correctly guessed Maxine to be a reflector and she agreed that that best described her. I had put Jianru down as a reflector/theorist as I feel she has been the quietest within the group and I got the impression she likes to plan and think alot about her work. Jianru tested very strong for reflector, theorist and activist. I thought it was great that she would be able to take on any role within the group in order to balance out the rest of us. Jianru said she believes she is more of an activist but from working with her I believe there are other people within our group with more dominant activist qualities.

The activist was most dominant within our group but I do feel we are well balanced with very strong reflectors and theorists. We all tested low for pragmatist with the exception for Nicky who got moderate. It's possible she may take on the pragmatist role within the group. After discussing the test we thought that the answers could have been strongly agree/disagree to give a wider scope and possibly make the test more accurate. We also wonder what the results may have been within a group of say law or medical students. Do creative people tend to have the qualities of an activist?

Dissertation Summaries

For my dissertation I have decided to look into crystals and gemstones, the powers they posess and how they may be used in alternative practises such as crystal healing. I want to learn about the history of lucky charms and amulets and how they were used in ancient cultures for protective, luck and healing purposes. I am interested in the relationship society today has with charm jewellery and if people carry a 'lucky charm' even if they claim not to be superstitious. I also want to look into the scientific side of the argument that there is no evidential proof these alternative therapies actually work. And if they don't work then why are they becoming increasingly popular?

One book of particular interest to my research is Bodyguards: Protective amulets and charms written by Desmond Morris. The main theme of this book concentrates on different types of protective amulets - from the ancient myths associated with minerals and healing properties of crystals to religious crosses and symbols. He addresses various points and questions including the ways in which each particular charm has been used over thousands of centuries and the powers associated with them. Morris then continues to explain their importance in today’s society. He reinforces his points with anecdotes and legendary or biblical stories. He was particularly interested in making films and recording human behaviours and many of the amulets presented in this book he accumulated whilst travelling the world, learning about the history of different cultures and superstitions. He also uses secondary resources to back up various mythical stories about these bodyguards. Many of his sources date as far back as 1867 which was valuable in discovering the importance of and ways in which these sacred charms were used back then. He also argues that ancient jewellery was always worn for spiritual or protective purposes and as craftsmen have become more experienced, jewellery has evolved into beautiful ‘works of art’. Jewellery then became ‘symbols of high status.‘ worn only by those who were considered important. However, Morris has concluded that the ‘New Age Movement’ has recently rediscovered crystals. He states "The younger generation is once again wearing crystals and gems for non decorative, non status reasons. A new era of mineral magic has dawned." Charm jewellery has become increasingly popular in society today, we are going back to our roots to apply these crystals and minerals in the long forgotten ways. The key concepts presented in this book are that even though people may say they do not believe in superstition, many still carry a small object or piece of jewellery with them ‘just for luck’. Morris presents the question: With technology advancing at a alarming rate will we still follow these superstitions in the years to come? With superstition being part of peoples lives since the beginning, I think that we will still be superstitious to some extent, wether we realise it or not. Morris argues that if someone believes that a charm can protect them, they will therefore feel at ease, meaning a healthier mind set and boosted immune system. The ‘powers’ these bodyguards posess have more of an effect on the mind, and if a person feels less anxious or stressed they will be less prone to disease. The author presents his point of view that he feels belief in the powers of amulets and charms may be lost due to scientific discoveries. I think he likes the idea of believing in some kind of ‘magic’ and feels if science is going to steal these ancient beliefs from us it should be giving us, in return, something new to believe in.

















The second article I have found to be relevant to my area of research is called Alternative Medicine: Wheres the evidence? written by Barry Beyerstein. This journal challenges the beliefs of those interested in alternative medicine ad provides the scientific side of the argument. Beyersteins main purpose is to persuade the reader that alternative therapies are a load of nonsense. He reinforces his arguments by stating that there is no scientific evidence to prove these therapies actually work. The key question he addresses in this article is Where is the evidence to prove alternative therapies suceed in curing people’s medical conditions?’ He answers this by stating that we should catagorise disciplines into ‘research fields’ and ‘belief fields’ - a suggestion from physicist and philosopher Mario Bunge. The ‘research fields’ can provide evidence to prove an idea or theory whilst practises catagorised into the ‘belief fields’ cannot. He cites a variety of secondary resources including Brunge, studies by Redelmeier and Tversky and an article written by Wallace Sampson titled ‘Reviews of Anomalous & Alternative medicine‘. Beyerstein brands these alternative therapies ‘bogus treatments’ and crystal healing a ‘patently absurd practise’ as belief relies solely on personal experiences rather then carefully controlled experiments and trials. The author states ’’The willingness of many to accept the claims of dubious health providers, must be blamed on the low level of scientific literacy in the public at large.’’ In other words, he is implying that people do not know enough about science to realise these therapies are a load of rubbish. Beyerstein blames the media for increasing interest of alternative therapies arguing that they are ‘worsening the problem’. If the public were to take Beyersteins line of reasoning seriously I think there would be a significantly higher strain on medical scientists to provide answers and solutions which alternative therapies may ease. If we were all to suddenly stop putting our well being in the hands of alternative healers I think we would be a much more miserable community. Wether or not these herbal remedies work they give people something almost ’magical’ to believe in, resulting in a happier, more balanced society. However, Beyerstein is of the opinion that if there is no scientific evidence to support a theory or alternative practise it must be ’bogus’. He also argues that alternative therapists take advantage of that fact that many illnesses have ’ups and downs’ so the patient is probable to visit the healer when they are feeling at their worst. This means that the healer will likely ‘receive credit for an upturn that would have happened anyway.’ I think this is a valid point and there is the possibility of people psychologically believing they only feel better as they went to see a crystal therapist.

Mind maps

Last week we had a group meeting to decide what we could research for our dissertations. I think I might research into Interactive jewellery. I first thought about sustainability and renewable energy and that reminded me of a second year project in which I designed a solar powered pendant.

Group meeting - look at us all hard at work!

The idea was the pendant was made up of a solar panel which would generate and store enough energy to charge a mobile phone or Ipod. How many times have you been out and your phone or Ipod has died... its always that time where you need to make that important phone call or have to walk home alone - musicless. It was only a short project so I never actually went about making the pendant but researched ways in which it could be done. It has got me thinking about other types of interactive jewellery, possibly video or camera based or jewellery for medical purposes. I would need to reasearch further into the topic to see what kinds of interactive jewellery have already been designed and made and see if I can produce something new or develop an existing idea. I felt this would relate to my fourth year studio work as it was something I was interested in carrying on in the future. We had a lecture on Interactive Jewellery last year from Hazel White, I want to look further into her work as I find the things she has achieved are inspiring.

Interactive Jewellery mind map - I think this could be developed further

Design and Climate Change

Image: http://online.sfsu.edu/~lavonne/You%20Control%20Climate%20Change.jpg

Climate Change and Design

"Our climate is changing - that is now indisputable." A report by World Bank (2009) concludes that studies have shown that human activities such as burning fossil fuels have contributed massively to the economic and environmental problems we are now facing. This is putting huge pressure on designers to come up with solutions to combat this everyday universal crisis. Campaigns to recycle daily household waste and to walk or cycle to work have swept the nation. A report by Appliance Design (2009) states that "more then 8/10 consumers say that energy efficiency is the most important feature for them." Major companies have recognised this and have started producing eco friendly packaging and products - promoting this as a selling point. A considerable amount of time and money have been invested in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and hydro electric power. Designers are also looking at the built environment and constructing ‘Green’ buildings.

Over millions of years of the world’s existence the climate has changed dramatically. In 1986 Arrhenius discovered that emissions released into the Earth’s atmosphere from burning fossil fuels would lead to global warming whilst cutting CO2 emissions by half could potentially lead to an ice age. A few years earlier Jean-Baptiste Fourier proposed that the Earth’s atmosphere kept the planet warm thus introducing the greenhouse effect. The first real warning that climate change could potentially be disastrous came in 1967 when computers estimated that the world’s temperature could rise by more then 4 degrees Fahrenheit and consequently, the ice caps would melt and sea levels rise. Governments around the world met to discuss how they could prevent warming and set themselves targets for reducing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

"Is climate change a natural occurrence over which we have no control? Or does human activity - fuels from vehicles, buildings, power plants, industry etc contribute or even cause climate change? How serious a threat is it to humanity? The environment? The world economy?"

These are just some of the questions R Cassidy addresses in his report on Green Buildings and Climate change. His studies have shown
That our actions are the main cause of global warming. Due to the greenhouse effect, Earth’s temperature is escalating at an alarming rate which may prove catastrophic to our planets existence today. A report by World Bank suggests that the rise in natural disasters such as floods, droughts, heat waves and forest fires is connected with the increase in temperature. Experts have estimated that climate change may also wipe out ¼ of all known species proving catastrophic to the economy and food chain. It proposes a theory that if we can observe and control the amount of harmful substances being released into the atmosphere, we can restrict the increase in natural disasters and allow the environment to adjust naturally. They foresee that if we do not take action now, the temperature by 2100 will rise by 2.5-7 degrees Celsius worldwide.

Renewable energy sources are being presented as a solution to the worlds shortage of coal, natural gas and oil - otherwise known as fossil fuels. The emissions of these fuels have impacted on the environment contributing towards global warming. R.E.H. Sims argues that increasing the use of renewable energy within industry will be tricky especially as resources such as coal and oil are still obtainable and inexpensive. Huge multinational companies such as BP have put in massive amounts of money towards these projects and will not be prepared to lose it. Renewable energy such as wind power has been used for centuries. Website www.darvill.clara.net states that wind power has been used as far back as "4,000 years ago when the Babylonians and Chinese used the wind to pump water for irrigating crops." Most recently wind power has been used to generate electricity with several turbines being built together creating ‘wind farms.’ These farms are usually situated around the coastline and are designed to provide an alternative electricity supply. Another renewable energy source is the sun. The recent invention of solar panels for generating heating and electricity are eco friendly and make the most of the worlds natural resources. Solar panels are made up of solar cells which convert light into electricity and are generally more effective in sunny countries. However as technology progresses an increasing amount of solar panels are being used in the UK. Larry Elliot journalist for the guardian newspaper recently revealed "10,000 Birmingham council homes were to get solar panels". Solar panels can provide homes with around 90% of their energy supply and are often built into the roof of the house in order to absorb the majority of sunlight.

Image: http://www.sonic.net/~lilith/EnviraFuels/images/renewable-energy.gif

Design of ‘Green’ buildings are becoming increasingly important as designers have to consider energy efficiency and the effect of CO2 emissions which contribute towards global warming. A book in collaboration with Professor Peter Droege, Partridge and Veale state:

"Developing a strategy to achieve a low carbon urban form requires addressing all aspects of carbon emissions in the urban environment. This includes not only building energy consumption but also transport, waste generation, recycling and material use."

When designing a green building, designers must take into consideration ways to reduce energy use and limit the long term impact of fuels from heating and electricity systems, safe disposal of waste and the impact of the building materials on the environment. Designers must think about ventilation, location, shape and size of the building in order to make it energy efficient. For example in a temperate climate, low rise buildings may be much more energy efficient then high rise buildings. Due to ventilation and shading from other taller buildings or vegetation it will be cheaper to cool thus saving energy.

Another way in which designers are attempting to control carbon emissions are with eco friendly cars. These hybrid cars provide consumers with a better mileage whilst reducing CO2 emissions. The majority run on a gasoline-electric system, combining the speed of petrol run cars with the eco friendly properties of an electric vehicle. Pollution is a huge problem, especially in large cities. Designers are looking at ways in which to decrease air pollution and are encouraging the residents and visitors to take public transport in order to reduce their carbon footprint. Many major cities - most recently Edinburgh are reinstalling tram lines in order to reduce pollution from the amount of buses and cars in the city centre. These trams will run electrically appealing to the public and benefiting the environment.

A considerable amount of money has been invested into campaigns for cycling and walking in order to be more eco friendly. Graphic designers have concentrated on promoting this via posters, mottos and logos. One example is the company Go Smart based in Dumfries and Galloway, which encourages people to walk and cycle in order to be greener. They aspire "to encourage both residents and visitors of Dumfries to reduce their car use in favour of more sustainable modes of travel." Decreasing car journeys by a minimum of 5% by promoting cycling as an everyday method of transport. The campaign has been so successful that they are now promoting it in cities and towns throughout Scotland.

Many multinational companies are consciously making their products and packaging more eco friendly. A report by Appliance design states that "The American society of heating refrigerating and air conditioning engineers have committed to using and developing natural refrigerants" in their kitchen appliances. This means there is less carbon being released into the atmosphere during the manufacturing process as they only use ‘natural refrigerants’ in their products. They are aware that it is a high priority of consumers to purchase more eco friendly products and so to market their refrigerators as being environmentally friendly is a major selling point. Again the design behind the campaigns and the design of the products play a major part in aiding in awareness of global warming as well as the future of the planet.

Another company seen to be going green is Kenco Coffee. Their recent humorous advertisements have been designed to target and encourage customers to be more eco friendly. Sustainability is a very important issue for them, working alongside The Rainforest Alliance to ensure their coffee beans are obtained from certified farms. They generate 85% of their energy used in manufacturing and have even started to produce recyclable paper cups. The design of their ‘97% less packaging’ promotion appeals to consumers and benefit’s the environment by reducing the amount of household waste.

In conclusion, designers must look at everything that affects climate change so they can then develop a realistic plan that results in carbon emissions and pollution which contribute to global warming being lowered in everyday life. They are consistently working hard on a variety of campaigns, products and new inventions, brainstorming new ideas and ways in which to reduce climate change, so we can preserve precious ecosystems and life on earth for future generations.





Bibliography

Appliance Design (2009) vol57, Climate Change Resolutions

Cassidy, R. Green Buildings and Climate Change: sixth in series of annual reports on the Green Building Movement, Building Design and Construction

Droege, P. (2010) Climate Design: Design and Planning for the age of Climate Change, ORO Editions

Elliot, L. (2010) 10,000 Birmingham council homes to get solar panels. guardian.co.uk

Sims, R.E.H. (2004) Renewable Energy: A Response to Climate Change

World Bank, (2009) World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change, World Bank

Useful Websites:

http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/index.htm

www.gosmartdumfries.co.uk

http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Environmentandgreenerliving/Thewiderenvironment/Climatechange/DG_072901

http://www.kencocoffeecompany.co.uk/kencocoffeecompany2/page?siteid=kencocoffeecompany2-prd&locale=uken1&PagecRef=603

Group Meeting and Mind Maps

Having a great time with our mind maps!

This semester we have all been allocated study groups. My group met up a couple of weeks ago to discuss which topics we were going to research for our Wiki articles. We then met up a second time to discuss each others mind maps and add any more ideas we may have about each others topics.

The topic I have chosen to research is climate change and design because I am particuarly interested in sustainability and renewable energy sources. One of my studio projects last year were based on renewable energy and solar panels. So far I have really enjoyed researching climate change and the solutions designers are coming up with to combat global warming. From wind farms and solar panels to recyclable packaging and new products. Campaigns and 'Green' building construction to installing tram lines in cities. Doing this research has really motivated me to really think about the materials I use in my studio work and wether or not I could do anything to make it more environmentally friendly.